US Feed Grain, Oilseed, and Food Grain Land since 1980

The farmdoc daily article of November 16, 2022 documented an increasing gap between the growth in consumption and growth in yield of world feed grains, oilseeds, and food grains.  More land is thus being planted to these crops, with roughly 22 million more acres needed in 2022.  This article contains the same analysis for the US.  A decline in US food grain acres due to increasing food grain yields and declining food grain consumption has offset the need for more US feed grain and oilseed acres due to a gap between the growth in consumption and yield.  As a result, total US land in feed grains, oilseeds, and food grains has been stable in the 21^st Century; however, more land may be needed in the near future.

Data

The data in this article are from the Production, Supply, and Distribution Online (PSD) database managed by the US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agriculture Service.  To provide comparability with the November 16, 2022 farmdoc daily, the analysis begins with the 1981/1982 crop year.

Consumption

Since 1980, use of US feed grains and oilseeds has followed a 2^nd degree polynomial time trend (i.e. linear and squared time variables) (see Figure 1 and Data Notes 1 and 2).  Total quantity of feed grains and oilseeds consumed domestically and exported has increased steadily with the amount of increase growing each year.  In contrast, use of US wheat has declined following a linear trend as US exports have declined from an average of 41 million metric tons in 1981-1985 to 27 million metric tons in 2018-2022.  This decline was partly offset by an increase in average US domestic consumption of food grains from 30 to 35 million metric tons.  In comparison, average US domestic consumption of both feed grains and oilseeds nearly doubled, increasing from 161 to 319 million metric tons for feed grains and from 37 to 72 million metric tons for oilseeds.  US exports increased from 52 to 63 million metric tons for feed grains and from 23 to 55 million metric tons for oilseeds.

US Yield

A debate within the US crop production sector is whether the growth rate of US trend yield has increased.  This study finds no increase in the growth rate since 1980.  Yield, measured in metric tons per hectare, has followed a constant linear trend for feed grains, oilseeds, and food grains (see Figure 2).  The linear trend explains 78% (food grains) to 88% (feed grains and oilseeds) of the increase in yield (100% is a perfect fit).  Adding a squared or curvilinear term to capture an increase in the rate of increase in trend yield adds little explanatory power.  Explanatory power remains 88% for feed grains and increases only one percentage point to 79% for food grains and 89% for oilseeds.

US Yield Gap

The time paths of trend yield derived from the Figure 2 equations are presented in Figures 3, 4, and 5 for US feed grains, oilseeds, and food grains, respectively.  Figures 3-5 also present the increase in yield needed to satisfy the trend increase in consumption derived using the Figure 1 equations and assuming the same area is harvested as in the preceding year (i.e. no increase in harvested area).  See Data Note 4 in the November 16, 2022 farmdoc daily for an example of this calculation.

The yield comparison differs for each crop group.  US trend yield for feed grains transitioned in 2002 from being more than to being less than the yield increase needed to satisfy the growth in US use of feed grains (see Figure 3).  Except for the first five years in the analysis period, US trend yield for oilseeds has been less than the increase in yield needed to satisfy the growth in US oilseed use (see Figure 4).  In contrast, US trend yield for food grains has always exceeded zero while US use of food grains has declined, resulting in a needed yield increase that is less than zero (see Figure 5).

US Harvested Area

Consistent with Figure 3, land harvested for feed grains was lower in 2000-2004 than 1981-1985 but higher in 2018-2022 than 2000-2004, the years when feed grains transitioned from needing fewer to more acres.  Consistent with Figure 4, oilseed harvested area was higher in each succeeding five year period while, consistent with Figure 5, food grain harvested area was lower in each succeeding five year period.  In total, US harvested area of feed grains, oilseeds, and food grains in 2018-2022 was lower than in 1981-1985 but the same as in 2000-2004.

Comparing US and World by Crop Group

Both the US and world transitioned from needing fewer to needing more land in feed grains around the turn of the 21^st Century.  Moreover, the gap between trend yield growth and the increase in yield needed to satisfy the growing use of feed grains is increasing for both.

Both US and world land planted to oilseeds has increased as oilseed trend yield has not kept pace with the increase in yield needed to satisfy the growth in use of oilseeds.  However, a difference exists.  The US yield gap has widened since 2000 while the world yield gap has changed little.

Different situations exist in food grains.  Since 2000, the world has needed slightly more food grain land each year.  US land in food grains has declined as exports declined and yields increased.

Summary

Partly because of declining exports of food grains, the US has not had to increase land devoted to feed grains, oilseeds, and food grains in the 21^st Century.

However, the growing gap for US feed grains and oilseeds between a linear trend yield and the increase in yield needed to satisfy the growth in use of feed grains and oilseeds suggests more land may be needed to produce these crops in the near future or food prices may need to move higher.  An increase in cropped land potentially negatively impacts the environment through land conversion.  Higher food prices contribute to higher inflation while disproportionately impacting the poor.  Both may also contribute to global insecurity.

A policy option is to increase the growth in production.  Both historical observation and academic research (see Fuglie, 2018, and studies reviewed therein) strongly imply higher growth in production will require more funding for research.  Given the lag between research and impact on production, research funding would need to be increased sooner rather than later.  The next opportunity for the US to prioritize this research is the upcoming farm bill.

Data Notes

1. Feed grains are barley, corn, oats, and sorghum. Food grains are rice, rye, and wheat.  Oilseeds are cottonseed, peanuts, rapeseed, soybeans, and sunflowers.
2. R² for the 2^nd degree polynomial and linear (in parenthesis) regressions of US use is 94% (92%) for feed grains, 95% (92%) for oilseeds, and 31% (28%) for food grains. The increase in R² due to the 2^nd degree polynomial term is 99% statistically confident for feed grains and oilseeds.

References and Data Sources

Fuglie, K. 2018. R&D Capital, R&D Spillovers, and Productivity Growth in World Agriculture. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy. 40 (3, November) 421–444.

US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agriculture Service.  2022, October.  Production, Supply, and Distribution Online.  https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/

Zulauf, C. “The World’s Increasing Need for Cropped Land.” farmdoc daily (12):173, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, November 16, 2022.